In the early days, philosophers, psychologists, and experts attempted to develop a general theory of motivation that could explain everything.
Although not specifically interested in motivation, Freud proposed "an interpretation of human behavior stamped with the stamp of the unconscious" based on the founding principle of drive1.
Abraham Maslow also presented a general theory through his pyramid-shaped hierarchy of needs.
Maslow faced criticism not only for his theory but also for his analysis method.
To conduct his study, he sent a questionnaire to a group of individuals who matched his "self-actualization" concept, including Albert Einstein.
He examined the biographies and writings of 18 people he identified as self-actualized. From these sources, he compiled a list of qualities that seemed characteristic of this specific group of people, as opposed to humanity in general. (translation)2
Despite being debatable, the pyramid does seem to reflect reality.
Criticism has been raised about the cultural limitations of the model, which may not apply to other continents. However, the main criticism revolves around the hierarchical aspect of needs.
Indeed, a rigid hierarchy does not always hold. How can we prioritize needs when faced with acts of heroism or maternal love?
Nevertheless, the pyramid of needs remains a reference point and introduces complex subjects. It also serves as a basis for categorizing factors that motivate work (previous chapter).
However, global theories struggle to explain the countless specific cases and exceptions related to motivation.
This is where "mini-theories" come into play, focusing on specific contexts, phenomena, and circumstances.